Mass Media and Communication Studies - Question Bank/ Sample Question Paper (Objective)

Mass Media and Communication Studies - Question Bank/ Sample Question Paper (Objective)

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Print Media Journalism - Question Bank/ Sample Question Paper (Objective)

Print Media Journalism - Question Bank/ Sample Question Paper (Objective)

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Mass Communication and Broadcast Media - Question Bank/ Sample Question Paper (Objective)

Mass Communication and Broadcast Media

QUESTION BANK

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Mass Communication and Print Journalism Sample Question paper/ Question bank (Descriptive)

Mass Communication and Print Journalism Sample Question paper/ Question bank (Descriptive)

Part I

Answer in one word/sentence

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Mass Media and Broadcast Journalism Sample Question paper/ Question bank (Descriptive)

Mass Media and Broadcast Journalism Sample Question paper/ Question bank (Descriptive)

Part I

Answer in one word/sentence

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Mass Communication and Journalism - Question Bank/ Sample Question Paper (Objective)

Mass Communication and Journalism - Question Bank/ Sample Question Paper (Objective)

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Photo Editing techniques

Photo editing is the changing of images. Some types of editing, such as airbrushing, are done by hand and others are done using photo editing programmes like Adobe Photoshop. Photo editing is done for many reasons. Photo editing is sometimes called photo manipulation, usually when it is used to trick people.

Reasons to edit a photo include:

• Fixing errors (red-eye, contrast, brightness, etc.), practical jokes, and tricking people.

• To remove unwanted elements from a photo we may crop it.

• Photo editing is also used to make completely new images.

Here are few of the best photo-editing software available today. Among this Adobe Photoshop is the best. Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Lightroom, Corel Paint Shop Pro, Serif Photo Plus, Apple Aperture, GIMP, Paint.net, Phase One Capture, and One Pro Pixelmator.

Photo Editing Basics : Adobe Photoshop

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Common Image Formats in Digital Cameras

One of the most direct ways to capture an image is a digital camera which uses a special semiconductor chip called a CCD (charge coupled device) to convert light to electrical signals right at the image plane. The quality of the images created in this manner is closely related to the number of pixels the CCD can capture.

The most common image file formats, the most important for cameras, printing, scanning, and internet use, are JPG, TIF, PNG, GIF, and BMP.

Digital cameras and web pages normally use JPG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)files - because JPG heroically compresses the data to be very much smaller in the file. However, JPG uses lossy compression to accomplish this feat, which is a strong downside. A smaller file, yes, there is nothing like JPG for small, but this is at the cost of image quality.

TIF (Tagged Image File Format) is lossless, which is considered the highest quality format for commercial work.

GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) was designed by CompuServe in the early days of computer 8-bit video, before JPG, for video display at dial-up modem speeds.

PNG (Portable Network Graphics) can replace GIF today (web browsers show both), and PNG also offers many options of TIF too.

Camera RAW files are very important of course, but RAW files must be processed into regular formats (JPG, TIF, etc) to be viewable and usable in any way.

BMP file format (Windows bitmap) handles graphics files within the Microsoft Windows OS. Typically, BMP files are uncompressed, and therefore large and lossless; their advantage is their simple structure and wide acceptance in Windows programmes.

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What is a Digital Image?

A digital photo is made up of a series of pixels (picture elements). Most of today’s digital photos use a “24-bit RGB” system to color each pixel.

When using digital equipment to capture, store, modify and view photographic images, they must first be converted to a set of numbers in a process called digitization or scanning. Computers are very good at storing and manipulating numbers, so once your image has been digitized you can use your computer to archive, examine, alter, display, transmit, or print your photographs in an incredible variety of ways.

Pixels

Digital images are composed of pixels (short for picture elements). Each pixel represents the color (or grey level for black and white photos) at a single point in the image, so a pixel is like a tiny dot of a particular color. By measuring the color of an image at a large number of points, we can create a digital approximation of the image from which a copy of the original can be reconstructed. Pixels are a little like grain particles in a conventional photographic image, but arranged in a regular pattern of rows and columns and store information somewhat differently.

Types of Digital Images

For photographic purposes, there are two important types of digital images— color and black and white. Colour images are made up of colored pixels while black and white images are made of pixels in different shades of grey.

Resolution

The density of pixels in an image is referred to as its resolution. The higher the resolution, the more information the image contains. If we keep the image size the same and increase the resolution, the image gets sharper and more detailed. Alternatively, with a higher resolution image, we can produce a larger image with the same amount of detail.

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Types of Photography

There are many types of photography. The various types of photography make use of various techniques and the different types of photographer use their skill in their particular filed of expertise.

Photographic work can be divided into dozens of categories, many with lots of sub-categories. The following list describes some common types of photography.

1.Landscape Photography

Landscape photography shows spaces within the world. It typically captures the nature but can also focus on man-made features.

2.Wildlife Photography

Wildlife photography deals with documenting wildlife in their natural habitat. It is one of the more challenging forms of photography.

3 . Aerial photography

An aerial photograph is any photograph taken from the air. Usually the camera will be supported by platforms like fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, multirotor Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), balloons, blimps and dirigibles, rockets, pigeons, kites, parachutes, stand-alone telescoping and vehicle-mounted poles.

4.Sports / Action Photography

Sports photography is a branch of photojournalism. It refers to the genre of photography that covers all types of sports.

5.Portrait Photography

Portrait photography or portraiture captures images of a person or group of people that displays the expression, personality, and mood of the subject. The focus of the photograph is usually the person’s face, although the entire body and the background or context may be included.

6.Architectural Photography

Architectural photography is the photographing of buildings and similar structures.

7 . Fashion Photography

Fashion photography is a genre of photography devoted to displaying clothing and other fashion items. Fashion photography is most often conducted for advertisements or fashion magazines.

8.Macro Photography

Macro photography is extreme close-up photography, usually of very small subjects, in which the size of the subject in the photograph is greater than its original size.

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Difference between Advertisement and Public Relations

One of the most important and most often used tools that business concerns employ is advertising. It is used to convey messages to targeted audiences. Advertising can be extremely costly to employ. The process of conveying messages to an audience which may be composed of present or prospective customers through a single medium or multiple mediums is called a campaign. 

On the other side the main role of public relations is to increase interest and awareness of the audience that you have targeted. This process or campaign as it is also called does not necessarily try to convince or persuade them to purchase the product. The public relations plan seeks to increase awareness and create a positive image of the company through messages that educate and provide information.

A combination of the two methods is generally regarded as most effective. A marketing strategy that is an incorporation of the two methods to produce the desired results would be the ideal process. Although advertising requires a bigger budget public relations is often considered to be the larger scale operation because advertising deals only with marketing and sales while public relations encompasses the total communications activity of the entire organisation.

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Roles and Qualities of Public Relations Officer

A public relations officer plays many important roles in the planning and implementation of publicity and goodwill campaigns for the organisations. The following are some of the crucial roles played by the public relation officers.

1.       Advisory role

Public relation officer advice the management on internal and external issues that may affect the goodwill and reputation of the organisation.

2.      Conducting surveys

Surveys are conducted by the public relations department on a regular basis, to identify the problems within the organisation and to assess the opinions of its employees and general public.

3.      Building and maintaining contacts

The public relations officers develop connections with important personalities and other organisations with decision making powers. This helps in popularizing the image of the organisation. Building relations with opinion makers like media and politicians is a part of this practice.

4.      Preparing press releases and reports

It is the duty of the public relation officer to prepare press releases and other reports on behalf of the organisation. Reports include articles, survey results and product information. Preparation of press releases comprises of other functions like organizing press conferences and other functions for media personnel.

5.      Editing and publishing booklets, brochures, magazines

In most of the organisations the duties of editing and publishing the printed material is performed by the public relations department.

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External Tools of Public Relations

External tools comprise of outdoor publicity media, broadcasting and print media, and other mass media. The goals and objectives of the organisation define the type of media to be adopted. The public relations officers play crucial role in deciding the media and methods of disseminating information.

1.       Press

Print media have a wide reach in the general public. Any literate person can depend on print media for information. It helps the public relation departments to connect with a large group of people. Effective public relation through print media can boom up the image of the organisation in the general public. Newspaper is widely used by public, private and government authorities to disseminate the information to the public. It is a cost effective method with maximum outcome.

2.      Radio

Radio is the most popular medium in the country. It can reach both urban and rural communities. Even an illiterate person can consume information from radio. It is a personal medium and creates great impact on the audience. Public relation practitioners can effectively use radio to influence the public. Radio programs like industrial and business news, discussions, surveys etc. can be utilized by the public relation practitioners. Apart from this sponsoring popular programs also will help in creating goodwill for the company.

3.      Television

Television is a highly persuasive and popular medium. It provides a larger platform for publicity through its audio visual features. Public relation officers can effectively use television for spreading the information about the organisation. Television publicity includes sponsoring popular programs, news and short documentaries about the organisation, analytical surveys, talks, discussions, interviews, etc. Corporate videos are also a part of television publicity.

4.      Films

Films and other videos create great impact on the viewers. Many documentaries were made during the Second World War to propagate the ideologies of Nazi Germany. Night and Fog was one of the most popular documentary films which emphasized on Hitler’s propaganda. Such methods are still being used by nation leaders and business men to create an identity in the public. Business corporations also use films for the popularity of their organisation.

5.      Traditional media

The traditional Media have played a very important role in solving several emotional problems. In the developing countries where illiteracy is wide-spread and communications scanty, the folk media assume greater importance. In India music, dance, drama have always played an important role in combating destructive elements and in harmonizing emotional outbursts relating to caste, creed, religion and language issues.

6.      Magazines

Magazines are an important medium for product news, feature stories and pictorial publicity. Business magazines are widely used by organisations to disseminate information on their new schemes and products. It is also being used to emboss the image of the organisation.

7.      Outdoor media

Bill boards, hoardings, flex boards and posters are the popular outdoor media. The messages and images displayed on an outdoor media are large and noticeable. They are attractive, huge and colourful and they can display the messages round the clock. They are placed along the roads and in every corner of the streets.

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