Terminology/ Glossary - Public Relations

General terms used in Public Relations

1. B2B – Public relation marketing communication dedicated to providing information resources between businesses includes professional services, training, human resources and office supplies.
2. B2C – As B2B, But between businesses and the consumer.
3. Community relations – Corporate social outreach programmes designed to build relations and foster understanding of the role of the business to neighbours in the local community.
4. Consultancy – Externally hired public relation services, either an individual consultant or a public relation consultancy.
5. Corporate communications – Public relations for a corporation integrated as part of the company’s strategic objectives.
6. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) – CSR makes companies responsible for their use of resources, both environmentally and socially. The role of public relations in CSR strategies is to communicate effectively to build corporate accountability and transparency.
7. Crisis Management – Having a plan in place that can be effectively auctioned when something goes wrong for an organisation.
8. E-PR/Online PR – Communicating over the web and using new technology to effectively communicate with stakeholders.
9. Evaluation – Measuring the impact of a public relation campaign.
10. In-House – Staff within a company or organisation responsible for public relation function.
11. Internal Communications – Organisational use of process communication to help achieve corporate objectives includes employee and stakeholder communications.
12. Media Relations – Dealing with and building up good working relationships with Journalists from the broadcast and print media.
13. Press kit – A branded pack handed out to the media by an organisation. It normally contains background materials, photographs, illustration and news releases.
14. Press office – A press office handles all media inquiries and putout all company messages, or press releases – to the media on the behalf of the organisation.
15. Proposal – Document outlining a proposed PR campaign to an existing or potential client.
16. Publics – These are audiences that are important to the organisation. They include customers – existing and potential; employees and management; investors; media; government; suppliers; opinion formers.
17. Public affairs – The process of communicating an organisation’s point of view on issues or causes to political audiences.
18. Reach – the reach of a PR campaign is the total number of people within your target audience that may see your message, Often referred to as coverage.
19. Research – Finding out background information about a company, product or person to assist with a public relations campaign.
20. ROI – Return on investment. A measure of budget spent to a campaign, versus the income generated through the activity.
21. Viral campaigning – A communications campaign which is designed to exploit the potential of the internet to spread messages rapidly. The audience is encouraged to pass a message on to all their email contact.

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Terminology/ Glossary - Advertising

General terms used in Advertising

1. Ad Space – This is the space reserved for ads.
2. Advertising Manager – The person who oversees the sales representatives who sell space to advertisers, and ensures that ads are in the appropriate section.
3. Caption – Copy which accompanies a photograph or graphic.
4. Classified ads – Short, direct text ads which clearly indicate what is being advertised, the price, where, and how the advertiser can be contacted.
5. Client – The people who pay you money to work for them.
6. Commercial – An advertisement that is presented on television, radio, or film.
7. Consumer – People who buy your goods and services.
8. Display ads – Ads that include a visual image to advertise a product or service.
9. Coverage – In advertising, ‘cover’ refers to the number / percentage of people within a target audience who see or hear your advertisement.
10. CRM – Customer Relationship Management is a strategy / software that enable a company to both organize and optimize its customer relations.
11. Design – The most successful design is all about style and content working in perfect harmony.
12. Door-to-Door Ads – Street-by-street delivery of advertising material through daily newspapers or letter boxes.
13. Incentive – Free gift offered to consumers to encourage purchase / response.
14. Networking – Meeting with fellow business types and clients for business advantage.
15. Peak – the time of day when the audiences are highest – also called prime time.
16. Sales promotion – Promotional idea used to increase sales of a product.
17. Special Build – Outdoor advertising site specially constructed for a particular campaign.
18. Target Audience – The people/ group/ type of person you are aiming your campaign at, the people you want to buy your product, the people you are talking to.
19. Viral Marketing – Viral Marketing or Viral Advertising are term referring to marketing techniques that use – pre-existing social networks to produce increases in brand awareness or to achieve other marketing objectives.

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Terminology/ Glossary - New Media

General terms used in New Media

1. ACAP – Automated Content Access Protocol, a platform that would allow search engine to recognize the terms and conditions of specific websites.
2. Adobe InDesign – Desktop publishing programme, now being used more widely in place of QuarkXPress.
3. Ad Impression – Term used to describe the number of times an advertisement is seen.
4. ADSL – Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line; high bandwidth web connection often just called broadband.
5. Advertorial – An advertisement in the form of a complementary editorial piece,Usuallylabelled as an advert.
6. AM Mark – The symbol used for denoting the end of a feature story in a periodical.
7. Android – Usually used in the context of Android phone, Android is a free and open source operating system developed by Google that powers a variety of mobile phones from different manufactures and carriers.
8. App – Short for application, a programme that runs inside another service.
9. Band width – The amount of data that can be transferred through an internet connection.
10. Blind Interview – An interview with an unnamed source.
11. Blogger – A person who writes a blog.
12. Cache – The page refers to a space where web pages visited by the user are stored on the computer. A copy of document retrieved by the user is stored in cache.
13. Campaign – The various stages of an advertising project from beginning to the end.
14. Cascading style sheet (CSS) – Technique used for designing web pages,one file that defines the style for a whole site.
15. Content Management System (CMS) – A programme for creating, editing and publishing content such as text, images, audio files and videos on websites.
16. Cookie – a Message from a web server computer sent to and stored by the user’s browser on his computer. The main use of cookies is to provide customized web pages according to a profile of the user’s interest.
17. Copyright - The legal right to control the use of literary, musical, dramatic or artistic work more specifically by making or using copies of that work.
18. Download – To copy something from a primary source to a more peripheral one, such as, saving something found on the web to a floppy disk or to a file on the user’s local hard drive.
19. Favourites – In the internet explorer browser, a means to get back to a URL, similar to bookmarks in Mozilla Firefox and Netscape.
20. FTP – File transfer protocol is a System of rapidly transferring entire files from one computer to another, intact for viewing or other purposes.
21. Host – A computer that provides web documents to clients or users.
22. HTML – Hypertext Mark-up Language is A standardized language of computer code, embedded in ‘source’ documents behind all web documents containing the textual contents, images, links to other documents and formatting instructions f o r display on the screen.
23. Address or IP Number – Internet protocol address or number is A unique number consisting of four parts separated by dots (e.g.:- 123.456.789.09). Every machine connected to the internet has a unique IP Address.
24. ISP – Internet Service Provider – A company that sells internet connections via modem (e.g.: - VSNL, BSNL, Satyam).
25. JavaScript – A simple programming language developed by Netscape to enable greater interactivity in web pages. It shares some characteristics with java but is independent of it. It interacts with HTML, enabling dynamic content and motion.
26. Server, web server – A computer running the software, assigned an IP address and connected to the internet so that it can provide documents via the web. It is also called host computer.
27. TCP/IP – Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol.The collection of protocols that defines the internet. Originally designed for the UNIX operating system, TCP / IP software is now available for every major kind of computer operating system. To be truly on the internet, a computer must have TCP / IP software.
28. Tele-net – Internet service allowing one computer to log onto another, connecting it as if it were not remote.
29. URL – Uniform Research Locator is the unique address of any web document, found in the address field of the browser.

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Terminology/ Glossary - Television

General terms used in Television

1. Acoustics – The science of the transmission of sound waves.
2. A/D Conversion (ADC) – Converting an analogue signal into a digital signal.
3. Amplitude – Maximum height of a wave form or signal.
4. Analogue signal – A varying voltage signal.
5. Archive – An archive is a term for storage. It refers to the following:• Storage of master material under controlled conditions.• Long term storage of material on an offline storage medium.• Archive copy is a master copy intended solely for storage and not to be used in distribution. 
6. Average audience – The average number of people who tuned into the given time selected and expressed in thousands or as a percentage (also known as a rating) of the total potential audience of the demographic selected.
7. ATR – Audio Tape Recorder, a method of recording sound by electromagnetic pulses on a sensitized plastic strip.
8. Backlight – A lamp used to separate subject from the background by rim lighting the subject from upstage.
9. Balance – The relative level between sound sources or light sources.
10. BBC – British Broadcasting Corporation, the main public service broadcaster in the United Kingdom, founded as the British Broadcasting Company in 1922.
11. Brightness - Brightness is a subjective effect; it is how bright we see in an object.
12. Camera angle – The position of the camera relative to the main subject in the shot.
13. Chroma Key – An electronic process for inserting an artiste (foreground) into a background picture; also known as Colour Separation Overlay.
14. Colour temperature - Colour characteristics of light.10 
15. Condenser – A type of microphone using charged plates to transfer sound pressure changes into audio levels.
16. Cutaway – Cutting away from the main subject or master shot to a related shot.
17. DAT – Digital audio tape.
18. Depth of field – The zone of acceptable focus in the field of view.
19. Display mode – Selecting particular information about the camera to be displayed in the viewfinder.
20. ENG – Electronic News Gathering. It describes the single camera video recording of news events.
21. F-number – A method of indicating how much light is being allowed to pass through the aperture of the lens.
22. Field – On top to bottom scanning of an image.
23. IPTV – Internet protocol television is a system through which television services are delivered. Here an Internet protocol suite is used to transmit information via LAN or internet.
24. ISDN – Integrated Services Digital Network is a system that allows the transfer of audio or other data via a telephone line.
25. Key light – The main source of light illuminating the subject.
26. Live – The transmission of an event as it takes place.
27. Low angle – A lens height below eye height.
28. Monochrome – Reproduction of a single colour such as a black and white image.
29. OB – Abbreviation for outside broadcast,usually a multi camera production from a non-studio venue using a mobile control room.
30. Phase – A time delay between two signals.
31. Piece to camera – A piece to camera is the television and film term used for when a presenter or a character speaks directly to the viewing audience through the camera. 
32. Production Control Room – Production area on outside broadcasts, or adjacent to studios used by production staff, lighting and audio.
33. Saturation – A measure of the purity of a colour.
34. Voice-over – A commentary mixed with effects or music as part of a sound track.
35. VTR – Video tape recorder.
36. Zoom lens – A variable focal length lens achieved by internally moving elements of the lens.

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Terminology/ Glossary - Radio

General terms used in Radio

1. Air check – it is the tape of a live broadcast.
2. AM – Amplitude Modulation, method of signal transmission using Standard Broadcast band with frequencies between 535 and 1605(1705) kHz.
3. Announcement – Commercial (spot) or public service message of varying length.
4. Automation – Equipment system designed to play pre-packaged programming.
5. Blend – Merging of complementary sound elements.
6. Bridge – Sound used between programme elements.
7. Commercial – Paid advertising announcement
8. Console – Audio mixer consisting of inputs, outputs, toggles, meters, and pots board.
9. Cross fade – fade out of one element while simultaneously introducing another.
10. Cue – Signal for the start of action; prepare element for airing.
11. Demographics – Audience statistical data.
12. Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) – Powerful communications satellite that beam programming to receiving dishes at earth stations.
13. Fade – To slowly lower or raise volume level.
14. Flight – Advertising air schedule.
15. Format – Type of programming a station offers.
16. Frequency – Number of cycles-per-second of a line wave.
17. Headphones – Speakers mounted on ears; headsets, cans.
18. Hertz (Hz) – It is unit of electromagnetic frequency.
19. Jingles – musical commercial or promo.
20. Level – Amount of volume unit, audio measurement.
21. Live copy – Material read over air; not pre-recorded.
22. Master – Original recording.
23. Narrow casting – Directed Programming; targeting specific audience demographic.
24. Play back – Reproduction or recorded sound.
25. Signature – Theme, logo, jingle, ID
26. Spots – commercials, paid announcements.
27. Transmit – To broadcast

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Terminology/ Glossary - Print Media

General terms used in Print Media:

1. ABC (Audit Bureau of Circulation) – Source of authoritative figures for newspaper’s net sale over specified periods
2. Ad - Advertisements
3. Advertising - The activity or profession producing information for promoting the sale of a product or service.
4. Advertorial – An advertisement section in a periodical that looks like an article or a feature.
5. Advocacy journalism - A type of journalism in which journalists openly and intentionally takes sides on issues and expresses their opinions in reporting.
6. Alignment – Placement of text relative to the margin.
7. Angle – Aspects or point of approach in a news story.
8. Banner – A large headline that stretches across the top of the page of a newspaper
9. Beat - A specialist area of journalism that a reporter regularly covers, such as police or health. See also round.
10. Blurb – Brief information about the writer.
11. Bridge – Proof reader’s mark showing that word or characters are to be joined together.
12. Bucket – Rules below and on both sides of type matter.
13. By-line – The writer’s name, printed at the beginning or end of an article.
14. Caption - Short pieces of text placed below or beside pictures to describe them and identify the photographers and/or owners, also called a cutline.
15. Circulation - Number of copies sold by newspapers and magazines.
16. Classified Ads – small newspaper advertisements usually paid for by individuals or small businesses and grouped under different classifications.
17. Colour - Extra details in a story which help the reader or listener get a fuller picture of what has happened or what a person is like.
18. Column - A regular feature often on a specific topic, written by a person known as a columnist.
19. Contacts book - A book which lists people a journalist knows may be useful, together with their telephone numbers, email addresses, fax numbers, addresses, or whatever other information is needed to contact them.
20. Copyright - The legal right to control the use of a literary, musical, dramatic or artistic work, more specifically by making or using copies of that work.
21. Copy taster - A senior sub-editor who looks at incoming copy and decides what will be used.
22. Cover line (or cover line) –It is a caption on a magazine cover.
23. Cover story - The most important story featured on the front cover of a magazine, often by an illustration.
24. Credit line –It is the text next to or following a story or picture acknowledging its source.
25. Crop –It means to cut unwanted portions from a photograph for publication.
26. Cub - Old-fashioned term for a trainee journalist, also known as a rookie.
27. Daily – A morning newspaper.
28. Dateline – Place and date of origin of newspaper story.
29. Deadline - The time the editor or producer sets by which the reporter must submit a finished story.
30. Deck – The number of rows in a headline.
31. Draft - The first version of a story before submission to an editor.
32. Double column – Across two columns; measure is not simply twice single – column, but also includes the space between columns.
33. Dummy – Mock-up of newspaper for design experiments and rearrangements.
34. Ears / Ear panel - Space at the top of the front page on each side of the newspaper’s name where ads, weather news, index to pages or announcement of special features appears.
35. Edition - A newspaper or magazine printed in a single run of the presses. It may be changed for different purposes, e.g. country edition, city edition, final edition etc.
36. Editorial page – A page where the newspaper or magazine’s editorial is printed, also called opinion page.
37. Exclusive – A story printed by only one paper; a scoop
38. Filler – Short item used to fill out a column.
39. Flag – Title plate on the first page of a newspaper.
40. Folio – Page or page number.
41. Follow – up – A story which is written to report new or more detailed information on a story which has already been published.
42. Font - A set of characters - letters, numbers and punctuation marks - of a single size and style of a particular typeface.
43. Format – The size and shape of a page, newspaper or book.
44. Fourth Estate – The press positioning it as a fourth branch of democracy.
45. Ghost writer – Ghost writer is the author of stories that bear someone else’s name.
46. Gutter - A vertical margin of white space where two pages or columns meet.
47. Hammer – One or two word heading set flesh left over main heading of about half the size.
48. Hand-out – Copy supplied by speaker or publicity agent.
49. Hard Copy – Something printed on paper
50. Hard News – Immediate and factual accounts of important events or development.
51. Imprint – Name and address of the publisher.
52. In depth – A news story that is comprehensive, thorough and detailed.
53. Intro – introduction or an opening paragraph of a story.
54. Jargon – Any technical or bureaucratic words that would not be used in everyday language.
55. Jump – It means to continue a story from one page to another.
56. Kicker – Small headline usually underscored, placed above and to left of main headline, also called eyebrow, teaser, over line.
57. Logo Type – Nameplate for a newspaper.
58. Masthead – nameplate of the newspaper.
59. Morgue – Newspaper library.
60. News Hole – Total space in a newspaper after the advertisement have been placed.
61. Obit – obituary, biography of a person who has died.
62. Op-ed – page opposite the editorial page used for letters to the editor, articles by columnists etc.
63. Periodicals - A magazine or newspaper published at regular intervals
64. Photo credit – A photographer’s by-line
65. Plagiarism – passing off as one’s own the ideas and words of another.
66. Plate - A plate contains the image of several pages, in multiple of 4, and is installed on to the press.
67. Pre-date – An edition issued before it’s announced date of publication.
68. Release – A press note or a hand-out to ‘okay’ for publication.
69. Rewrite – It means to write a story again, rather than simply edit the copy.
70. Schedule – There is the time schedule, or sheet, listing deadlines for pages.
71. Scoop – A story or picture of some importance nobody else has; an exclusive.
72. Tabloid newspaper –It is a small, compact format newspaper, usually less than 43 cm (17 inches) long, Also used to describe a newspaper style that uses short, simply-written stories and headlines with lots of pictures to illustrate more sensational content. Compare with broadsheet.
73. Yellow Journalism - An old-fashioned US term for sensational journalism.

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