Mass Media and Communication Studies - Question Bank/ Sample Question Paper (Objective)
Showing posts with label broadcasting. Show all posts
Showing posts with label broadcasting. Show all posts
Sunday, 22 July 2018
Saturday, 21 July 2018
Mass Communication and Broadcast Media - Question Bank/ Sample Question Paper (Objective)
Mass Communication and Broadcast Media
QUESTION BANK
Mass Media and Broadcast Journalism Sample Question paper/ Question bank (Descriptive)
Mass Media and Broadcast Journalism Sample Question paper/ Question bank (Descriptive)
Part I
Answer in one word/sentence
Tuesday, 17 July 2018
Types of Television Broadcasting systems
Television broadcasting systems have changed during the
course of time due to several technological advancements. The prominent ways of
television broadcasting are:
Terrestrial transmission
It is the transmission of audio visual signals through
transmission towers owned by television stations. The transmission is done
through frequencies for transmission allotted by the Ministry of Communication.
The audience can receive the signals on their television sets by using an
antenna or receiver.
Cable Television transmission
It is the process of sending audio visual signals to
subscribers through an optic cable or wire. Usage of optical fibre cable makes
it easy to transmit signal in a speedy way without losing picture quality.
Cable systems can deliver large number of channels to millions of television
sets. Nowadays, cable systems can provide high speed internet and telephone
calls through the same platform.
Satellite transmission
It is the transmission of audio video signals over
communication satellites. This is also called Direct to Home (DTH) Satellite
Services. It enables the households to receive signals directly from the
satellites using dish antennas. A set box is used to convert digital signals received
by the antennas into audio visual format.
Internet transmission
Internet transmission is the digital transmission of audio-visual
content via internet. The delivery of television content via internet is called
video streaming. Internet television is different from IPTV.
Television Broadcasting
Television broadcasting is the practice of creating audio
and video programme content and distributing it to the mass audiences. To
broadcast is to send entertainment and information via one-way electronic media
to the general public. The television signal is carried by wire to an antenna,
which is often on a high platform or building. Broadcasts usually are intended
for recreation, enlightenment, education, experimentation or emergency
messaging.
In the television broadcasting process the audio and video
messages are packaged as programs, which are transmitted through the air as
electromagnetic waves from a transmitter to an antenna or a receiver. These
waves can travel through the air at the speed of light but not over very long
distances. A good signal can be received up to about a hundred km. They also
can be transmitted through computer networks locally and internationally.
Broadcast stations can be linked in networks to broadcast common programming.
Television stations are given certain frequencies on which they transmit their
broadcasts. These frequencies are very high and should not interfere with other
signals that travel in the air. In the last few years digital signals have
replaced analog broadcasting. They have many advantages. Picture quality is
better and they can carry more data. Television images can be transmitted in a
new quality called high definition or HD.
Internet TV
Internet television is the digital distribution of
television content via the Internet. Internet television is a general term that
covers the delivery of television shows and other video content over the
Internet by video streaming technology.
Monday, 16 July 2018
Audio Editing and Mixing for Radio
Audio editing is the process of assembling different audio
files in a meaningful order. This also includes fine tuning the audio by
removing noise from the audio, increasing volume, removing exceeded silence,
etc. Various kinds of software are available for audio editing. Audio editing
software is software which allows editing and generating of audio data. The
audio file will present a graphical representation of the audio waves. This
makes the editing more easily. These Wave Editors are digital audio editors and
there are many sources of software available to perform this function. Most can
edit music, apply effects and filters, adjust stereo channels etc.
Another kind of audio editor is DAW or digital audio
workstation. A digital audio workstation is an electric or electronic device,
or computer software application for recording, editing and producing audio
files. DAWs come in a wide variety of configurations from a single software
programme on a laptop, to an integrated unit of various devices and software.
Modern DAWs have a central interface that allows the user to alter and mix
multiple recordings and tracks into a final produced piece. They are used
widely in audio editing, commonly in complex recording and editing process.
Audio Mixer
An audio mixer or a mixing console is an electronic device
for combining and changing the level, of audio signals. A mixer can mix analog
or digital signals, depending on the type of mixer. The modified signals are
combined to produce the output signals.
Audio mixers are used in many applications, including
recording studios, public address systems, broadcasting, television, and film
post-production.
Audio Formats
An audio
format is a medium for storing sound and music. Some of the commonly used audio
formats are:
• AVI
.avi -
AVI (Audio Video Interleave)
• WMV
.wma -
WMV (Windows Media Audio)
• MIDI
.mid,
.midi - MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) [It is a format for
electronic music devices like synthesizers and PC sound cards.]
• MP3
.mp3 -
MP3
•
RealAudio
.rm, .ram
- RealAudio
• WAV
.wav -
WAVE
Types of Radio Transmission
First of all, in order to transmit radio waves, a
transmitter and receiver are needed. A radio wave acts as the carrier of the
information through encoded waves or a process called modulation. Modulation is
the variation of a property of an electromagnetic wave or signal, such as its
amplitude, frequency, or phase.
The two main types of radio transmission are amplitude
modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM). The older broadcasting method
and most popular method, frequency modulation (FM) minimizes noise and provides
greater reliability. Both AM and FM process sounds into patterns, that are
always varying, of electrical signals. They closely resemble sound waves. In an
AM transmission the carrier wave has a constant frequency, but the strength of
the wave varies. The FM transmitter is just the opposite; the wave has constant
amplitude but a varying frequency.
Usually the radio is used in the transmission of sound; such
as voices and music. The sound is converted into electrical signals by a
microphone. Then the signals are amplified, and transmitted. Once the carrier
is amplified it can be applied to an antenna. The antenna converts the
electrical signals into electromagnetic waves and sends them out or they can
also be received. The receiving antennas change it back to the form of
electrical signals, and then feed it to another receiver.
What is the Structure of a Radio Station
The physical structure of a radio station consists of radio
studio, control room, administration department and the transmitter.
• Radio Studio
A radio studio is different from a video production studio.
The entire studio is strictly dedicated to audio. Radio studio is a closed
sound proof room where voice can be recorded without any interference. A studio
has a single sound proof door and no windows. There is a small enclosed place
before the studio hall. This empty space is called a sound lock, which prevents
unnecessary outside sounds from entering the studio. A studio is so designed
without any interference to ensure that outside noises are not recorded and the
speaker’s voice is heard clearly. The ceiling and walls of the studio hall will
be perforated with woollen panels. These are also called acoustic panels. A
studio floor consists of at least three microphones. There will at least be two
studios in a station. The second studio may be smaller in size with the same
type of doors, walls and ceilings. This is where the announcer does the
announcements. This may be called an announcer’s booth or a transmission
studio.
• Control Room
Control room is the most important technical area of a radio
station. It is situated next to a recording studio hall. The control room operators
can see and give signals to the announcer in the studio through a glass window
that is attached to the wall. Whatever is spoken in the studio or played from a
CD player or computer is sent to this control room. All the programmes are sent
from here to the transmitter. A control room is connected with all the other
segments of broadcast.
The microphones in the studio hall are connected to the
devices in control room. So whatever that is captured by the microphones will
be directly sent to control room. From here they are sent to the transmitter
for its onward transmission to the listeners. A lot of changes take place when
one speaks through a microphone. In the control room, technical people control
the whole process and immediately send these waves to the transmitter. The
transmitter sends these sound waves to the listeners’ radio sets which convert
them into sounds.
• Transmitter
A transmitter is the equipment through which we receive the
radio broadcast on our sets. This is big equipment in comparison to other
equipment installed in the studio or control room. The strength and type of the
transmitter determines the coverage area of the broadcast. There are two types
of transmitters; namely Low Power Transmitter (LPT) and High Power Transmitter
(HPT). There is also another classification as short wave and medium wave radio
broadcast transmitters. Transmitters are generally located outside the city
boundaries. The transmitters are of different capacities such as 1 KW to 100
KW, 200KW or 250 KW or above. Their locations are decided according to their
capacity. A 1 KW transmitter is normally installed in the vicinity of the
studio/control room whereas the high power transmitters are installed outside
the city.
Difference between Writing for Print and Broadcasting
Print journalism edits the writing more so than
broadcasting. Newspapers edit for accuracy. Whereas, broadcast journalism airs
what is written out exactly word for word. There is little or no editing
involved with broadcasting. Print journalism involves more style in the
writing, and broadcast journalism is sharper with the words in order to get the
message across more quickly.
Broadcast journalism has the same concept as print
where the most important information is placed at the top of the story.
However, broadcast journalism doesn’t drag on with the story. It simply gets
straight to the point, and it doesn’t leave the audience to question anything.
Also, print journal has no control over how long it takes a reader to finish
reading the story. But, a typical radio news story is 30 seconds long.
Therefore, they both differ in length.
Broadcast and print media also differ in
how much an audience remembers the information that is placed before them. For
example, average newspaper readers remember more of the information than
average broadcast viewers and listeners do. The reason for this is that the
broadcast media can be turned off whenever and forgotten.
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