Mass Media and Communication Studies - Question Bank/ Sample Question Paper (Objective)
Sunday, 22 July 2018
Saturday, 21 July 2018
Print Media Journalism - Question Bank/ Sample Question Paper (Objective)
Print Media Journalism - Question Bank/ Sample Question Paper (Objective)
Mass Communication and Broadcast Media - Question Bank/ Sample Question Paper (Objective)
Mass Communication and Broadcast Media
QUESTION BANK
Mass Communication and Print Journalism Sample Question paper/ Question bank (Descriptive)
Mass Communication and Print Journalism Sample Question paper/ Question bank (Descriptive)
Part I
Answer in one word/sentence
Mass Media and Broadcast Journalism Sample Question paper/ Question bank (Descriptive)
Mass Media and Broadcast Journalism Sample Question paper/ Question bank (Descriptive)
Part I
Answer in one word/sentence
Mass Communication and Journalism - Question Bank/ Sample Question Paper (Objective)
Mass Communication and Journalism - Question Bank/ Sample Question Paper (Objective)
Friday, 20 July 2018
Photo Editing techniques
Photo editing is the changing of images. Some types of editing, such as airbrushing, are done by hand and others are done using photo editing programmes like Adobe Photoshop. Photo editing is done for many reasons. Photo editing is sometimes called photo manipulation, usually when it is used to trick people.
Reasons to edit a photo include:
• Fixing errors (red-eye, contrast, brightness, etc.), practical jokes, and tricking people.
• To remove unwanted elements from a photo we may crop it.
• Photo editing is also used to make completely new images.
Here are few of the best photo-editing software available today. Among this Adobe Photoshop is the best. Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Lightroom, Corel Paint Shop Pro, Serif Photo Plus, Apple Aperture, GIMP, Paint.net, Phase One Capture, and One Pro Pixelmator.
Photo Editing Basics : Adobe Photoshop
Common Image Formats in Digital Cameras
One of the most direct ways to capture an image is a digital camera which uses a special semiconductor chip called a CCD (charge coupled device) to convert light to electrical signals right at the image plane. The quality of the images created in this manner is closely related to the number of pixels the CCD can capture.
The most common image file formats, the most important for cameras, printing, scanning, and internet use, are JPG, TIF, PNG, GIF, and BMP.
Digital cameras and web pages normally use JPG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)files - because JPG heroically compresses the data to be very much smaller in the file. However, JPG uses lossy compression to accomplish this feat, which is a strong downside. A smaller file, yes, there is nothing like JPG for small, but this is at the cost of image quality.
TIF (Tagged Image File Format) is lossless, which is considered the highest quality format for commercial work.
GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) was designed by CompuServe in the early days of computer 8-bit video, before JPG, for video display at dial-up modem speeds.
PNG (Portable Network Graphics) can replace GIF today (web browsers show both), and PNG also offers many options of TIF too.
Camera RAW files are very important of course, but RAW files must be processed into regular formats (JPG, TIF, etc) to be viewable and usable in any way.
BMP file format (Windows bitmap) handles graphics files within the Microsoft Windows OS. Typically, BMP files are uncompressed, and therefore large and lossless; their advantage is their simple structure and wide acceptance in Windows programmes.
What is a Digital Image?
A digital photo is made up of a series of pixels (picture elements). Most of today’s digital photos use a “24-bit RGB” system to color each pixel.
When using digital equipment to capture, store, modify and view photographic images, they must first be converted to a set of numbers in a process called digitization or scanning. Computers are very good at storing and manipulating numbers, so once your image has been digitized you can use your computer to archive, examine, alter, display, transmit, or print your photographs in an incredible variety of ways.
Pixels
Digital images are composed of pixels (short for picture elements). Each pixel represents the color (or grey level for black and white photos) at a single point in the image, so a pixel is like a tiny dot of a particular color. By measuring the color of an image at a large number of points, we can create a digital approximation of the image from which a copy of the original can be reconstructed. Pixels are a little like grain particles in a conventional photographic image, but arranged in a regular pattern of rows and columns and store information somewhat differently.
Types of Digital Images
For photographic purposes, there are two important types of digital images— color and black and white. Colour images are made up of colored pixels while black and white images are made of pixels in different shades of grey.
Resolution
The density of pixels in an image is referred to as its resolution. The higher the resolution, the more information the image contains. If we keep the image size the same and increase the resolution, the image gets sharper and more detailed. Alternatively, with a higher resolution image, we can produce a larger image with the same amount of detail.
Types of Photography
There are many types of photography. The various types of
photography make use of various techniques and the different types of
photographer use their skill in their particular filed of expertise.
Photographic work can be divided into dozens of categories,
many with lots of sub-categories. The following list describes some common
types of photography.
1.Landscape Photography
Landscape photography shows spaces within the world. It
typically captures the nature but can also focus on man-made features.
2.Wildlife Photography
Wildlife photography deals with documenting wildlife in
their natural habitat. It is one of the more challenging forms of photography.
3 . Aerial photography
An aerial photograph is any photograph taken from the air.
Usually the camera will be supported by platforms like fixed-wing aircraft,
helicopters, multirotor Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), balloons, blimps and
dirigibles, rockets, pigeons, kites, parachutes, stand-alone telescoping and
vehicle-mounted poles.
4.Sports / Action Photography
Sports photography is a branch of photojournalism. It refers
to the genre of photography that covers all types of sports.
5.Portrait Photography
Portrait photography or portraiture captures images of a
person or group of people that displays the expression, personality, and mood
of the subject. The focus of the photograph is usually the person’s face,
although the entire body and the background or context may be included.
6.Architectural Photography
Architectural photography is the photographing of buildings
and similar structures.
7 . Fashion Photography
Fashion photography is a genre of photography devoted to
displaying clothing and other fashion items. Fashion photography is most often
conducted for advertisements or fashion magazines.
8.Macro Photography
Macro photography is extreme close-up photography, usually
of very small subjects, in which the size of the subject in the photograph is
greater than its original size.
Basics of Photography - Camera’s Manual Settings
There are three pillars of photography. One is Aperture and
the other two being Shutter speed and ISO.
Aperture
If you look at the lens, you can see the opening where light
comes through. When you adjust your aperture settings, you’ll see that opening
gets bigger and smaller. The larger the opening, or wider the aperture, the
more light you let in with each exposure. The smaller the opening, or narrower
the aperture, the less light you let in. Why would you ever want a narrow
aperture if a wider one lets in more light? Aside from those situations where
you have too much light and want to let less of it in, narrowing the aperture
means more of the photograph will appear to be in focus.
For example, a narrow
aperture is great for landscapes. A wider aperture means less of the photograph
will be in focus, which is something that’s generally visually pleasing and
isn’t seen as a downside. Aperture is represented in f-stops. A lower number, like
f/1.8, denotes a wider aperture, and a higher number, like f/22, denotes a
narrower aperture.
Shutter Speed
When you press the shutter button on your camera and take a
picture, the aperture blades take a specific amount of time to close. This
amount of time is known as shutter speed. Generally it is a fraction of a
second. If you’re capturing fast motion it needs to be at most 1/300th of a
second. If you’re not capturing any motion, you can sometimes get away with as
long of an exposure as 1/30th of a second. When you increase your shutter
speed—the length of time where the sensor is exposed to light—two important
things happen.
First, the sensor is exposed to more light because it’s been
given more time. This is useful in low light situations. Second, the sensor is
subject to more motion which causes motion blur. This can happen either because
your subject is in motion or because you cannot hold the camera still.
ISO
ISO is the level of sensitivity of the camera to available light.
It is the digital equivalent (or approximation) of film speed. The lower the
ISO number, the less sensitive it is to the light. A higher ISO number
increases the sensitivity of your camera. The component within your camera that
can change sensitivity is called “image sensor” or simply “sensor”. It is the
most important (and most expensive) part of a camera. It is responsible for
gathering light and transforming it into an image. With increased sensitivity,
your camera sensor can capture images in low-light environments without using
flash. But higher sensitivity has a negative side too – it adds grain or
“noise” to the pictures. The higher you increase your ISO, the more noise you
get.
Basics of Photography: Composition and Technique
Rule of Thirds
The rule of thirds is the simplest rule of com-position. All
you do is take your frame and overlay a grid of nine equal sections. This means
you split the vertical space into three parts and the horizontal space into
three parts. Generally you want to place important elements where the grid
intersects. The intersection points are where the eye tends to go first, so
it’s useful to place your subject on one of those points. People generally tend
to aim for the centre, but that’s often less effective.
Perspective
Photographing your subject straight-on is sometimes the
right choice. Also you can create visual impact by moving the camera left, right,
above, and below. When you’re beneath the subject it often makes them/it appear
more powerful to the viewer. Conversely, when you’re above the subject it makes
them/it appear more diminutive.
Additionally, left and right positioning isn’t as direct and
can often make a photograph feel more honest and candid. When capturing a
moment, whether it’s staged or not, photographing the subject head-on can often
seem a little awkward and end up being less-effective. Of course, you can also
combine different positioning elements to create other effects. Try taking
photographs of the same subject from different perspectives and see how people
interpret them. This is a good way to understand the effects your choices have
on the end result.
Parts of a Camera
Camera is made up of many parts, but there are a few in
particular that we want to look at as they are the most important. Here’s a
basic overview of the parts:
1.The body
The body is what you see on a camera when the lens is
unmounted. While body has little effect on the quality of your photos, it does
affect things like ease of use and comfort. If we can’t hold it properly the
quality of the images will be poor.
2.The lens
The lens is the eye of the camera. It’s a very complex
instrument. Different lenses can provide many different features, so it’s
important to know the differences between them.
3.The sensor
The sensor is basically the digital equivalent of film. It
means that, like film, the sensor is exposed to light that comes through the
lens and it records that exposure. The exposure is then processed and saved to
flash memory (generally an SD or Compact Flash card). The caliber and size of
the sensor are also very important, as these things significantly affect the quality
of your photos.
4.The flash card
Flash card is where you save your images. Flash cards range
in read and write speeds as well. A slow card can significantly degrade your
camera’s performance.
5.The battery
Camera is just like any other electronic devices. It needs
energy to work. So battery is an essential part.
How do DSLR cameras work?
When you look through the viewfinder on the back of the
camera, whatever you see is exactly what you are going to get in the
photograph. The scene that you are taking a picture of passes through the lens
in a form of light into a reflex mirror that sits at a 45 degree angle inside
the camera chamber, which then forwards the light vertically to an optical
element called a “pent prism”. The pent prism then converts the vertical light
to horizontal by redirecting the light through two separate mirrors, right into
the viewfinder.
When you take a picture, the reflex mirror swings upwards,
blocking the vertical pathway and letting the light directly through. Then, the
shutter opens up and the light reaches the image sensor. The shutter remains
open for as long as needed for the image sensor to record the image, then the
shutter closes and the reflex mirror drops back to the 45 degree angle to
continue redirecting the light into the viewfinder.
The camera processor takes the information from the image
sensor and converts it into an appropriate format; then writes it into a memory
card. The whole process takes very little time and some professional DSLRs can
do this 11 times in one second.
Camera - SLR & DSLR
Camera is a tool, a device for recording visual images in
the form of photographs, film, or video signals. We know its use. It is
actually a box that controls the amount of light that reaches a piece of light
sensitive film or other surface inside. The original cameras did not even have
a glass lens.
The first cameras used a tiny hole in the front of the box to
allow in light and to focus the image onto the viewing surface. This is the
same principle as when children punch a pinhole into a piece of paper in order
to watch a solar eclipse projected through the pinhole and onto the ground.
The First Photograph: In 1827, Joseph NicephoreNiepce made
the first photographic image with a camera Obscura.
SLR Camera
Single lens reflex cameras (SLR) use a mirror and prism
system to allow photographers to accurately see the image that will be
captured. This system uses one optical light path whereas previous cameras had
two, one through the lens to the film and the other to the viewfinder.
DSLR Camera
DSLR stands for “Digital Single Lens Reflex”. DSLR is a
digital camera that uses mirrors to direct light from the lens to the
viewfinder, which is a hole on the back of the camera that you look through to
see what you are taking a picture of.
Famous Photojournalists
Louis Daguerre was the inventor of the first practical
process of photography. In 1829, he formed a partnership with Joseph
NicephoreNiepce to improve the process Niepce had developed.
Some of the great photojournalists of the early picture story era included “Weegee” (Arthur Fellig), W. Eugene Smith and Robert Capa. They became well known for their gripping war pictures. In fact, Capa was killed on assignment in Indochina, and Smith was severely injured on assignment in Japan.
Robert Frank, Steve McCurry, Eddie Adams, Margaret
Bourke-White, Dorothea Lange, David Seymour, David Burnett, Robert Doisneau,
Henri Cartier-Bresson, Philip Jones Griffiths and Kevin Carter are some of the
famous photojournalists in the world.
HomaiVyarawalla was the first woman photojournalist in
India. She started her career in 1930s and thereafter received notice at the
national level when she moved to Mumbai in 1942 with her family, before moving
to Delhi, where in the next thirty years she photographed many political and
national leaders, including Gandhi, Nehru, Jinnah, Indira Gandhi and the
Nehru-Gandhi family while working as a press photographer.
Other famous Indian photojournalists include, Mayank Austen
Soofi, AbulKalam Azad, N. L. Balakrishnan, Ritam Banerjee, Pablo Bartholomew,
ArkoDatta, DhavalDhairyawan, Sunil Janah, FarhatBasir Khan, SaadiyaKochar,
Kishor Parekh, AltafQadri, Raghu Rai, AchuthanandTanjore Ravi, T. S. Satyan,
Subhash Sharma, Dayanita Singh and N. Thiagarajan. Victor George is an unforgettable name in the
Photojournalism history of Kerala. He died in 2001 while taking pictures of
landslides in Idukki district.
Origin and Growth of Modern Photojournalism
The combination of photography and journalism is known as
photojournalism. The term was coined by Frank Luther Mott, historian and dean
of the University Of Missouri School Of Journalism. Photojournalism is a form
of journalism that uses images in order to tell a news story. It is now usually
understood to refer only to still images, but in some cases the term also
refers to video used in broadcast journalism. Photos used for journalistic
purpose must have timeliness and objectivity. They must be narrative too.
1920-1990 The beginning of modern photojournalism took place
in 1925, in Germany. The event was the invention of the first 35 mm camera, the
Leica. Before this, a photo of professional quality required bulky equipment.
With the invention of Leica, photographers could go just about anywhere and
take photos easily.
Added to this was another invention originally from Germany,
the photojournalism magazine. Editors and photographers begin to work together
to produce an actual story told by pictures and words, or cutlines. Germany’s
photo magazines established the concept, but Hitler’s rise to power in 1933 led
to suppression and persecution of most of the editors, who generally fled the
country. Many came to the United States.
During the Second World War, ‘Life’ launched Nov. 23. 1936,
was probably the most influential photojournalism magazine in the world. The
most dramatic pictures of the conflict came not so often from the newspapers as
from the weekly photojournalism magazines, photos that still are famous today.
Many began using handheld cameras made by Graflex camera company during the
1960’s; two have become legendary: the Speed Graphic, and later, Crown Graphic.
Successor to the Graphic by the 1950s was the 120-format
camera, usually a Rolleiflex, which provided greater mobility at the expense of
smaller negative size. You looked down into the ground-glass viewfinder. But in
newspapers, by the Vietnam War era, the camera of choice was the 35--film got
better, making the camera easier to use, and the ability to use telephone,
wide-angle, and later, zoom lenses made the 35 indispensable, as it still is to
most photojournalists today.
The golden age of photojournalism ranged from about 1935 to
1975. Television clearly had a huge impact--to be able to see things live was
even more powerful than a photo on paper. Even so, many of the photos we
remember so well, the ones that symbolized a time and a place in our world,
often were moments captured by still photography.
By the 1990's photojournalists gave up making actual prints,
but use computer technology to scan film directly into the design. And by the
beginning of the new millennium, photojournalists were no longer using film:
digital photography had become universal. Since it is both faster and cheaper
it fitted well in an industry preoccupied with both speed and profit. Colour
became the standard for “legacy media,” newspapers and magazines, as well as
for web news sites. Because colour printing technology requires a higher
quality image, photojournalists have had to adapt their methods to accept fewer
available light images.
Earlier we used analog cameras which use film as recording
medium. Now we have digital cameras which use digital sensors instead of film
and flash cards as storage medium. Today’s cameras use glass lenses to focus
and capture light much more quickly and to allow us to magnify images. Today’s
cameras also have shutters that control the light from reaching the film or
sensor with the touch of a button and have powerful flashes to help illuminate
scenes. The camera has come a long way from its humble beginnings, but it is
still just a box that controls the amount of light that reaches a piece of
film.
In today’s world, photojournalism isn’t something that is
heard or spoken of much anymore. With the Internet providing us with places
such as YouTube, Deviant Art, and other online sources created just for sharing
amateur photography, it’s really no surprise that photojournalism is slowly
becoming a dying form of art as well as media.
Qualities and Duties of a Photojournalist
Like a writer, a photojournalist is a reporter but he or she
must often make decisions instantly and carry photographic equipment, often
while exposed to significant obstacles. For e.g., physical danger, weather,
crowds, etc.
The primary role of the photojournalist is to be a visual
storyteller. By photographing, editing, and presenting images, they tell a
story in a way that no other media can. The subject matter can vary greatly,
from local issues, national political races to social unrest in a foreign country.
Photojournalists must be knowledgeable about the tools of
the trade. They need to be able to use digital as well as print photography
equipment, editing tools, and publication software. Because more than half of
all photojournalists are self-employed, there is often no photo editor in the
middle of the process. He or she should be familiar with lighting, setting up
for best exposure, and picture quality is critical for professional level
photos. Timing is everything for a photojournalist, and they must have an eye
for set up and the reflexes to grab that split-second opportunity.
Duties of a Photojournalist
1. Take photographs or film video segments.
2. Process and print negatives or film.
3. Capture images in an authentic and ethical manner.
4. Write copy, captions or headlines to accompany photos.
5. Use image-editing software such as Photoshop to edit
images.
6. Prepare audio to accompany video segments.
7. Pitch ideas and photographs to editorial staff.
8. Travel to photo shoot locations.
9. Editphotographs or video for publication specific to
Internet.
Rule of Thirds, 180-degree rule and 30-degree rule
Rule of Thirds
The rule of thirds is a "rule of thumb" or guideline which applies to the process of composing visual images such as designs, films, paintings, and photographs. The guideline proposes that an image should be imagined as divided into nine equal parts by two equally spaced horizontal lines and two equally spaced vertical lines, and that important compositional elements should be placed along these lines or their intersections.
180-degree rule
The 180-degree rule is a basic guideline regarding the on-screen spatial relationship between a character and another character or object within a scene. An imaginary line called the axis connects the characters and by keeping the camera on one side of this axis for every shot in the scene, the first character will always be frame right of the second character, who is then always frame left of the first. If the camera passes over the axis, it is called jumping the line or crossing the line.
30-degree rule
The 30-degree rule is a
basic film editing guideline that states the camera should move at least 30
degrees between shots of the same subject occurring in succession. If this rule
isn't followed a jump cut occurs and there is a risk that the audience starts
focusing on the filming technique instead of the story that is being narrated.
The 30 degree change of perspective makes the shots different enough to avoid a
jump cut. The rule is actually a special case of a more general dictum that
states that the cut will be jarring if the two shots being cut are so similar
that there appears to be a lack of motivation for the cut. The axial cut is a striking violation
of this rule to obtain a certain effect.
Long takes in Filmmaking
The long take, a shot of some duration, was not an
aesthetic choice when it was first used. Filmmakers in the early days of cinema
had no choice but to shoot their works in one continuous take, until the film
ran out.
Even as it became technically possible to have cuts in films, the
finished product would often still look more like a stage drama, with a static
camera stringing together a series of narrative sections.
Hitchcock's Rope
(1948), which, through editing, creates the impression of an entire film taking
place during one take, and Mike Figgis's Timecode (2000), which shot digitally
four ninety-minute takes concurrently. It can be used for dramatic and
narrative effect if done properly, and in moving shots is often accomplished
through the use of a dolly or Steadicam.
What are Video Transitions?
Video transitions are the effects added to
the video during the editing process. The way in which any two video shots are
joined together is called the transition.
Transitions are very important, everyone from the camera operator to the
editor must have a good understanding of how to make effective transitions.
The most common transition is the cut, in which one shot changes
instantly to the next. The next most common transition is the cross-fade (or mix or dissolve),
where one shot gradually fades into the next.
Fade out is a term used
to describe a transition effect where the image slowly disappears into a black.
This usually indicated the end of a scene or the video. Fade out is a type of dissolve effect. It is the opposite of fade out. In this
transition effect the image appear from a black background. This is used in the
beginning of a scene or video. A cutaway shot is the interruption of
a continuously filmed action by inserting an image of something else. It could be a different subject, a close up of a
different part of the subject, or just about anything else.
Types of Video Editing
With the advancement of technology digital editing became popular and flourished. There are some basic types of editing classified on the basis of the process.
1. Linear Editing
Linear video editing is the process of editing analogue video tape. It is a post-production process of selecting, arranging and modifying images and sound in a pre-planned, ordered sequence. Most of the digital editing platforms have replaced the linear editing process. In the case of linear editing one cannot go back to the edited portion and re edit. It is a one way editing process. In this type of editing video sequences were edited by inserting new frames into it.
2. Non – Linear Editing
In digital video editing, a non-linear editing system is a video and audio editing method that allows accessing any frame in a digital video clip regardless of sequence in the clip. The specialty of non – linear editing is the freedom to access any frame, and use a cut-and-paste method, similar to the ease of cutting and pasting text in a word processor. It allows to easily including fades, transitions, and other effects that cannot be achieved with linear editing. It is widely used in the digital video editing. Software like final cut pro, adobe premiere pro etc., are following this method.
3. Offline Editing
Offline editing is part of the post-production process of filmmaking and television production in which raw footage is copied and edited, without affecting the camera original film stock or video tape. Once the project has been completely offline edited, the original media will be assembled in the online editing stage.
4. Online Editing
Online editing is a post-production linear video editing process that is performed in the final stage of a video production. It occurs after offline editing. It is a form of live editing process. In digital video and film production, online editing is used to describe editing footage at the original highest-quality.
Film Editing styles
Chronological editing
Editing that
follows the logic of a chronological narrative, one event follows subsequently
from another, and time and space are logically represented.
Cross-cutting or parallel editing
The linking-up of two sets of action those run concurrently and are
interdependent within the narrative.
Continuity Editing/ Continuity cuts
It is the predominant style of film editing and video
editing in the post-production process of filmmaking of narrative films and
television programs. The purpose of continuity editing is to smooth over the
inherent discontinuity of the editing process and to establish a logical
coherence between shots.
In most films, logical coherence is achieved by
cutting to continuity, which emphasizes smooth transition of time and space.
However, some films incorporate cutting to continuity into a more complex
classical cutting technique, one which also tries to show psychological
continuity of shots. The montage technique relies on symbolic association of
ideas between shots rather than association of simple physical action for its
continuity.
These are cuts take
us seamlessly and logically from one sequence or scene to another. This is an
unobtrusive cut that serves to move the narrative along.
Match Cut
A match cut, also called a graphic match, is a cut in
film editing between either two different objects, two different spaces, or two
different compositions in which an object in the two shots graphically match,
often helping to establish a strong continuity of action and linking the two
shots metaphorical.
Jump cut
Cut where there is no match between the
two spliced shots. Within a sequence, or more particularly a scene, jump cuts
give the effect of bad editing. The opposite of a match cut, the jump cut is an
abrupt cut between two shots that calls attention to itself because it does not
match the shots seamlessly. It marks a transition in time and space but is
called jump cut because it jars the sensibilities; it makes the spectator jump
and wonder where the narrative has got to. Jean Luc Godard is undoubtedly one of
the best exponents of this use of the jump cut.
What are film Editing techniques?
Film editing is part of the creative post production process
of filmmaking. The term film editing is derived from the traditional process of
working with film, but now it increasingly involves the use of digital
technology. The film editor works with the raw footage, selecting shots and
combining them into sequences to create a finished motion picture. Film editing
is described as an art or skill, the only art that is unique to cinema,
separating filmmaking from other art forms that preceded it, although there are
close parallels to the editing process in other art forms like poetry or novel
writing.
Film editing is often referred to as the "invisible art"
because when it is well practiced, the viewer can become so engaged that he or
she is not even aware of the editor's work. On its most fundamental level, film
editing is the art, technique, and practice of assembling shots into a coherent
sequence. The job of an editor isn’t simply to mechanically put pieces of a
film together, cut off film slates, or edit dialogue scenes. A film editor must
creatively work with the layers of images, story, dialogue, music, pacing, as
well as the actors' performances to effectively "re-imagine" and even
rewrite the film to craft a cohesive whole. Editors usually play a dynamic role
in the making of a film.
With the advent of digital editing, film editors and
their assistants have become responsible for many areas of filmmaking that used
to be the responsibility of others. Film editing is an art that can be used in
diverse ways. It can create sensually provocative montages; become a laboratory
for experimental cinema; bring out the emotional truth in an actor's
performance; create a point of view on otherwise obtuse events; guide the
telling and pace of a story; create an illusion of danger where there is none;
give emphasis to things that would not have otherwise been noted; and even
create a vital subconscious emotional connection to the viewer, among many
other possibilities.
Three Point Lighting technique
The three point lighting technique is produced by three types of lights,
i.e., key light, fill light and back light. These lights are classified on the
basis of its functions. Key light illuminates the major portion of the scene
and it is the main source of illumination. It produces a level of light that
creates proper exposure. Basically flood lights are used to for key lighting.
The area that is away from the range of key light will remain dark. This
area is filled with illumination using a fill light. It is the source that
partially illuminates dark areas. It is used to soften the harsh shadows created
by the key light. The intensity of a fill light will be comparatively lesser
than a key light. It reduces the contrast between bright and dark sides.
The back light is used to separate the subject from the background and
create a three dimensional effect. It is used to enhance the depth of the
scene. It is applied from a higher level behind the subject which is opposite
to the camera. For the purpose of production the intensity of light is
controlled by using barn doors. The lights will be mounted on two types of
grids. One is slung lamps which are attached to the ceiling of the studio and
pointing downwards. Lights are also fixed on floor stands of adjustable heights
called stand lamps.
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